Biography Zone

Euler was born in 1707 in Basel, Switzerland. He was accepted into the University of Basel in 1720 when he was only thirteen years old reached. At first he studied theology, but soon moved to math. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Basel at the age of seventeen years and when he was only twenty years old he received an invitation from Catherine I of Russia to join the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. At the age of twenty-three years he became a professor of physics in there and when she was twenty-six years he was chairman of the mathematics replace korsi that were formerly occupied by a famous mathematician Daniel Bernoulli. Two years later lost his eye sight next door, but he continued working at full capacity, producing brilliant articles.
Description: Leonhard Euler Biography - A Mathematician And Physicist
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 Kary Banks Mullis was born on December 28, 1944 in Lenoir, North Carolina, United States. He raised his parents, Cecil Banks Mullis and Bernice Alberta Barker, and live near a farm owned by her maternal grandfather. Mullis life little sticky with rural atmosphere filled with hard work. Chemical he achieved a bachelor's degree from Georgia Tech. While a doctorate in biochemistry from the University of receipt, Berkeley, in 1973, after successfully defended his thesis entitled "Schizokinen: Structure and Synthetic Work".

In 1979, Mullis joined the Cetus Corporation in Emeryville Carolina as a researcher after undergoing several medical school internship at the University of Kansas. While working at a place where the idea of ​​building Mullis PCR. Interestingly, a brilliant idea came not when he was struggling in the laboratory, but it appeared at the time he was in a car Honda Civicnya the way from San Francisco to Mendocino approximately 1985. "The thinking and the best ideas I mostly appear when I'm driving," she said. Not in vain, thinking that genius which then deliver Mullis became a Nobel laureate in chemistry in 1993.

The invention of the polymerase chain reaction Mullis This really is one of the pillars of the revolution in molecular genetics. This technique enables new approaches in the study and analysis of the gene. PCR allows scientists to create a series of genetic material that is long enough for a study or research interests.

As you may know, earlier, a major problem in the molecular analysis of the gene is an object of study is quite difficult, considering the number of genes in the body of a living thing. Especially in mammals that have more than one hundred thousand genes. A variety of techniques in molecular genetics aimed to address this issue. These techniques generally require a relatively long time, including cloning and tracking sequence-specific DNA procedure is very difficult and time consuming. PCR has allowed us to obtain specific DNA sequences without cloning.


Mullis method is simple, but very effective. This PCR technique exploiting the nature of DNA replication. The first step, Mullis heating double fibrous DNA samples at temperatures near the boiling point for the two DNA strands of a single fiber. Then he added two short sequence of DNA that is bound to end their respective complementary strands. It marks the place of the desired nucleotide sequence Mullis.

Then, he adds free nucleotides and polymerase enzyme (a protein that can speed up a chemical reaction), and then joined the nucleotide target. In short, PCR-DNA polymerase allows the work can be directed to the synthesis of a specific DNA region. Furthermore Mullis can easily make copies of the desired DNA sequence by performing the process repeatedly. This process allows Mullis to make millions of copies of DNA in just a few hours.

Prior to the Nobel grace, Mullis also received a number of awards, including the Thomas A. Edison Award (1993), California Scientist of the Year Award (1992), the National Biotechnology Award (1991), the Gairdner Award, Toronto, Canada (1991), the R & D Scientist of the Year (1991), the William Allan Memorial Award of the American Society of Human Genetics (1990), and the Preis Biochemische Analytik of the German Society of Clinical Chemistry and Boehringer Mannheim (1990).

In 1986, scientists also have a hobby of surfing is a director of molecular biology at Xytronyx Inc., A plastic manufacturing company in San Diego, California. Then in 1988 he worked as a freelance consultant for several companies, as well as a lecturer biotechnology and development of science at various universities around the world. Mullis had compiled a book called Dancing Naked in the Mind Field, published in 1998.

In the book, Mullis writes with a style full of humor, but serious, about various things. Starting from the scientific method to parapsychology, from the venom of the spider to HIV / AIDS, from global warming to astrology, from the OJ case Simpson to how to restore the flame bulbs in mind


Mullis is currently actively involved in research on the relationship between the virus HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Mullis also diligently read any book, even though the field is not included. He thought he was diligently reading can talk with anyone about everything. For him to be one of the nobel prize recipients have a responsibility and a very tough job it can exist and respect of others. Now, Mullis lives with his wife, Nancy Cosgrove Mullis, Newport Beach, and Anderson Valley, California, USA. ***

R.A. Priti Lakshmi M.
Department of Biological Science Alumnus Unpad.

Description: Kary Banks Mullis Biography - Chemical Scientists
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Samuel Finley Breese Morse, that's his full name, was born on 27 April 1791 in Charlestown, a suburb of Boston, Massachusetts. Since the age of four, Morse is excited draw. When he was four years old, he tried to draw his teacher's face. At step 14, he tried to collect pocket money by drawing faces of his friends and the people in the city.

While studying at Yale College, Morse was not good students. His interest in science while attending arise about the latest developments on electricity. However, he felt more comfortable when drawing a miniature portraits. One day, he sent a letter to his parents, about his desire to become a painter.

His father and his mother worried that he can not make ends meet by becoming a painter. So they told him to be a seller of books.

Finally, Morse worked as a bookseller, but at night he's still painting. His parents aware of the love of Morse on the art world. They try and find and collect money to send Morse at an art school in London.

When Samuel Morse was at the Royal Academy in London, his teacher always said, he's always not complete tasks. He has approximately 20 task he completed the picture yet. Morse still make this mistake over and over again until the teacher is often advised.

Finally, he tried to make a model of a statue of Hercules which is made of clay in the classroom. The teacher really liked the statue and told Morse to mengikutkannya in a race. Unmistakable. He also won a gold medal for his work. Confidence is high, making Morse managed to find what works best for him. He began to try again to draw pictures of people in Europe.

**


In 1818, he married and later had two sons and a daughter. Turns out life is not easy. No one gave him money for his paintings until the results of Morse did not have any money at all. In 1825, his wife died from a heart attack. Morse did not even know what happened to his wife, and when his wife died. He was always sad and makes almost gave up to keep painting.

After that, Morse and several other painters tried to establish the National Academy and he became the first president. He worked as a painter from seven in the morning until midnight. He had chosen as a painter in the round room in the Capitol, USA.

One of four paintings that lined the walls were the result of his work. After that, he was with the children and sister-in-law returned to Europe to continue his career as a painter.

In October 1832, Morse and his family sailed back home from Europe by ship named Sully. At that time, Morse heard conversations about the newly discovered electromagnet research, and later appeared in his mind about the concept of electric telegaf.

He managed to create the first telegraph model in 1835, which operated in the building of New York University, where he taught art. Because of the poor, he made the model of abrasive materials such as old easel stand, homemade batteries, and the old clock to move the paper line and a point will be recorded.

Description: Samuel F.B Morse Biography - Inventor Of Telegraph And Morse Code
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Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) At the time of his birth in Paris in 1743, far behind the chemical sciences rather than physics, mathematics and astronomy. A large number of discoveries that operate independently discovered by many experts in chemistry, but no one could be a theoretical framework that can handle summarizes the information separately. At that sort of confidence did not spread to ensure that water and air are the elementary substance.

Even worse, a misunderstanding of the essence of the fire. Growing belief then was that all of the combustion process contains objects speculation substance called "phlogiston," and that during the process of combustion, releasing flammable substance phlogiston stuff her into the air.

In the period between the years 1754 - 1774, talented chemical experts such as Joseph Black, Joseph Priestley, Henry Cavendish and others have isolated the importance of gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. However, since these people accept the theory of phlogiston, they did not understand the nature or significance of the chemical substances they find. Oxygen, for example, is seen as the air that all its phlogiston had been diverted. (As we know that the more perfect the wood chips burning in oxygen than in air, perhaps this result is easier to suck air from the wood latest phlogiston). Obviously, the real advances in chemistry can not occur before the main basics can be understood.

The Lavoisier successfully and handle the parts puzzle into a single unit that can be justified and find the right direction in theoretical chemistry. In the first phase, said Lavoisier, phlogiston theory completely misses: there is no such thing as phlogiston objects. The process consists of a combination of chemical combustion of burning stuff with oxygen. Second, the water is not at all elementary stuff but the mixture of oxygen and hydrogen. The air is not too elementary substance but consists primarily of a mixture of two gases, oxygen and nitrogen. All of these statements now seem obvious now, but can not be captured well by Lavoisier's predecessors and contemporaries colleagues. Even after Lavoisier formulated his theory and proposed to the scientific community, yet still many princes chemist who rejected the idea of ​​this theory. However, books are brilliant Lavoisier Basic Principles of Chemistry (1789), so bright and crystal clear and the hypothesis put forward very convincing and outperformed the opinions of others, then the chemical experts younger generation quickly believe it.

As proved that water and air are not chemical elements, Lavoisier also include in his list of substances the objects are considered fundamental and meaningful rudimentary though the list contains several errors, the list of modern chemicals present in essence an extension of what is already prepared Lavoiser it.

Lavoiser have compiled the first scheme neatly arranged on the chemical system (in collaboration with Berthollet, and Guyton de Morveau Fourcroi). In Lavoisier's system (which became the basis of the handle until now) the chemical composition is described by its name. For the first time acceptance of a uniform chemical system is described that allows chemists around the world can relate to each other in terms of their inventions.

Lavoisier was the first to clearly put forward the principles of safe amounts of chemical reactions without some form of objects: the reaction can set back the correct element in the substance of the original but nothing is indestructible, and the end result is the same weight as the original components. Lovoisier beliefs about the importance of accuracy weighing of chemicals involves chemistry reaction that converts into an exact science and also paved the way for many advances in the field of chemistry in the decades afterward.

Lavoisier also contributed in the field of geological investigations, and also contribute to weight convincing in the field of physiology. With the experiment very carefully (in collaboration with Laplace), he was able to show that the physiology of the sweat or drenched in sweat is basically the same as the slow combustion process. In other words, human and animal people draw their energy from organic combustion process slowly from within, with the use of oxygen in the air dihimpunnya. This discovery-that might be equivalent to the discovery of the importance of Harvey on the circulation of blood is enough Lavoisier seat role in this list. In addition, Lavoisier had crucial significance thanks to the formulation of the theory of chemistry as a starting point for the sector unshakable knowledge of chemistry on the right track. He is generally regarded as the "founder of modern chemistry", and indeed he deserves that title.

"List of Periodic Elements" which is basically a modern extension of the list of Lavoisier As well as some of the figures listed in this list, Lavoisier actually studied law at adolescence. Although he may be appointed a law degree and legal experts in the environment, but not once did he ever practice his knowledge, though there he dabbled in the world of French administrative offices and public affairs services. But above all he was active in the French Royal Academy of Sciences. He is also a member of Ferme Generale, an organization engaged in the world of tax matters. Consequently, after the French Revolution of 1789, the revolutionary government very suspicious.

Eventually he was arrested, along with twenty-seven members Ferme Generale. Court revolution might not be too careful, but the inspection process goes quickly. On the morning of May 8, 1794 the twenty-seven men were tried, convicted and beheaded by guillotine. Lavoisier can live forever with his wife who always helped in intelligent workplace investigations.


At the time of trial, there is a request for the case to Lavoisier separated, as he put forward a number of community service he's done for the community and science. The judge denied the request with comments where "Republicans do not need a genius." Great mathematician Langrange sharply and appropriately defend his friend: "It takes an instant to cut off a head, but not quite a hundred years to put in place such head before. "

Description: Antoine Laurent Lavoisier Biography - The Father Of Modern Chemistry
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